Genomic history of the seventh pandemic of cholera in Africa.
Identifieur interne : 000B55 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000B54; suivant : 000B56Genomic history of the seventh pandemic of cholera in Africa.
Auteurs : François-Xavier Weill [France] ; Daryl Domman [Royaume-Uni] ; Elisabeth Njamkepo [France] ; Cheryl Tarr [États-Unis] ; Jean Rauzier [France] ; Nizar Fawal [France] ; Karen H. Keddy [Afrique du Sud] ; Henrik Salje [France] ; Sandra Moore [France] ; Asish K. Mukhopadhyay [Inde] ; Raymond Bercion [République centrafricaine] ; Francisco J. Luquero [France] ; Antoinette Ngandjio [Cameroun] ; Mireille Dosso [Côte d'Ivoire] ; Elena Monakhova [Russie] ; Benoit Garin [Sénégal] ; Christiane Bouchier [France] ; Carlo Pazzani [Italie] ; Ankur Mutreja [Royaume-Uni] ; Roland Grunow [Allemagne] ; Fati Sidikou [Niger] ; Laurence Bonte [France] ; Sébastien Breurec [République centrafricaine] ; Maria Damian [Roumanie] ; Berthe-Marie Njanpop-Lafourcade [France] ; Guillaume Sapriel [France] ; Anne-Laure Page [France] ; Monzer Hamze [Liban] ; Myriam Henkens [Belgique] ; Goutam Chowdhury [Inde] ; Martin Mengel [France] ; Jean-Louis Koeck ; Jean-Michel Fournier [France] ; Gordon Dougan [Royaume-Uni] ; Patrick A D. Grimont [France] ; Julian Parkhill [Royaume-Uni] ; Kathryn E. Holt [Australie] ; Renaud Piarroux [France] ; Thandavarayan Ramamurthy [Inde] ; Marie-Laure Quilici [France] ; Nicholas R. Thomson [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Science (New York, N.Y.) [ 1095-9203 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
The seventh cholera pandemic has heavily affected Africa, although the origin and continental spread of the disease remain undefined. We used genomic data from 1070 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates, across 45 African countries and over a 49-year period, to show that past epidemics were attributable to a single expanded lineage. This lineage was introduced at least 11 times since 1970, into two main regions, West Africa and East/Southern Africa, causing epidemics that lasted up to 28 years. The last five introductions into Africa, all from Asia, involved multidrug-resistant sublineages that replaced antibiotic-susceptible sublineages after 2000. This phylogenetic framework describes the periodicity of lineage introduction and the stable routes of cholera spread, which should inform the rational design of control measures for cholera in Africa.
DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5901
PubMed: 29123067
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Allemagne, Australie, Belgique, Cameroun, Côte d'Ivoire, France, Inde, Italie, Liban, Niger, Roumanie, Royaume-Uni, Russie, République centrafricaine, Sénégal, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Angleterre de l'Est, Berlin, Géorgie (États-Unis), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Victoria (État), Île-de-France
- Berlin, Cambridge, Marseille, Melbourne, Versailles
- Université de Cambridge, Université de Melbourne, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université de la Méditerranée
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Moro", Department of Biology, Bari, 70126, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Bari "A. Moro", Department of Biology, Bari, 70126</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>70126</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mutreja, Ankur" sort="Mutreja, Ankur" uniqKey="Mutreja A" first="Ankur" last="Mutreja">Ankur Mutreja</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SP</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grunow, Roland" sort="Grunow, Roland" uniqKey="Grunow R" first="Roland" last="Grunow">Roland Grunow</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sidikou, Fati" sort="Sidikou, Fati" uniqKey="Sidikou F" first="Fati" last="Sidikou">Fati Sidikou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre de Recherche Medicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), BP 10887, Niamey, Niger.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Niger</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Medicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), BP 10887, Niamey</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niamey</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonte, Laurence" sort="Bonte, Laurence" uniqKey="Bonte L" first="Laurence" last="Bonte">Laurence Bonte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Paris, 75011, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Paris, 75011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Breurec, Sebastien" sort="Breurec, Sebastien" uniqKey="Breurec S" first="Sébastien" last="Breurec">Sébastien Breurec</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangui</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damian, Maria" sort="Damian, Maria" uniqKey="Damian M" first="Maria" last="Damian">Maria Damian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, Bucharest</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bucharest</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njanpop Lafourcade, Berthe Marie" sort="Njanpop Lafourcade, Berthe Marie" uniqKey="Njanpop Lafourcade B" first="Berthe-Marie" last="Njanpop-Lafourcade">Berthe-Marie Njanpop-Lafourcade</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Agence de Médecine Préventive (AMP), Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Agence de Médecine Préventive (AMP), Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sapriel, Guillaume" sort="Sapriel, Guillaume" uniqKey="Sapriel G" first="Guillaume" last="Sapriel">Guillaume Sapriel</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UFR des sciences de la santé Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, 78180, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UFR des sciences de la santé Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, 78180</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>78180</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Versailles</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Anne Laure" sort="Page, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Page A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Page">Anne-Laure Page</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, Paris, 75011, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Epicentre, Paris, 75011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamze, Monzer" sort="Hamze, Monzer" uniqKey="Hamze M" first="Monzer" last="Hamze">Monzer Hamze</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), EDST-FSP, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), EDST-FSP, Université Libanaise, Tripoli</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tripoli</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henkens, Myriam" sort="Henkens, Myriam" uniqKey="Henkens M" first="Myriam" last="Henkens">Myriam Henkens</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, B 1050, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, B 1050</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>B 1050</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhury, Goutam" sort="Chowdhury, Goutam" uniqKey="Chowdhury G" first="Goutam" last="Chowdhury">Goutam Chowdhury</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>West Bengal 700010</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mengel, Martin" sort="Mengel, Martin" uniqKey="Mengel M" first="Martin" last="Mengel">Martin Mengel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Agence de Médecine Préventive (AMP), Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Agence de Médecine Préventive (AMP), Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koeck, Jean Louis" sort="Koeck, Jean Louis" uniqKey="Koeck J" first="Jean-Louis" last="Koeck">Jean-Louis Koeck</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre Hospitalier des Armées Bouffard, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Republic of Djibouti</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fournier, Jean Michel" sort="Fournier, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Fournier J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Fournier">Jean-Michel Fournier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité du Choléra et des Vibrions, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité du Choléra et des Vibrions, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dougan, Gordon" sort="Dougan, Gordon" uniqKey="Dougan G" first="Gordon" last="Dougan">Gordon Dougan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grimont, Patrick A D" sort="Grimont, Patrick A D" uniqKey="Grimont P" first="Patrick A D" last="Grimont">Patrick A D. Grimont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parkhill, Julian" sort="Parkhill, Julian" uniqKey="Parkhill J" first="Julian" last="Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holt, Kathryn E" sort="Holt, Kathryn E" uniqKey="Holt K" first="Kathryn E" last="Holt">Kathryn E. Holt</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piarroux, Renaud" sort="Piarroux, Renaud" uniqKey="Piarroux R" first="Renaud" last="Piarroux">Renaud Piarroux</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, 13385, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, 13385</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>13385</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de la Méditerranée</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" sort="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" uniqKey="Ramamurthy T" first="Thandavarayan" last="Ramamurthy">Thandavarayan Ramamurthy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Haryana 121001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quilici, Marie Laure" sort="Quilici, Marie Laure" uniqKey="Quilici M" first="Marie-Laure" last="Quilici">Marie-Laure Quilici</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomson, Nicholas R" sort="Thomson, Nicholas R" uniqKey="Thomson N" first="Nicholas R" last="Thomson">Nicholas R. Thomson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:29123067</idno><idno type="pmid">29123067</idno><idno type="doi">10.1126/science.aad5901</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000139</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000139</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000139</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000139</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000139</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000139</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">005193</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">005193</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">005193</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000B50</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000B55</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000B55</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Genomic history of the seventh pandemic of cholera in Africa.</title><author><name sortKey="Weill, Francois Xavier" sort="Weill, Francois Xavier" uniqKey="Weill F" first="François-Xavier" last="Weill">François-Xavier Weill</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Domman, Daryl" sort="Domman, Daryl" uniqKey="Domman D" first="Daryl" last="Domman">Daryl Domman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njamkepo, Elisabeth" sort="Njamkepo, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Njamkepo E" first="Elisabeth" last="Njamkepo">Elisabeth Njamkepo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarr, Cheryl" sort="Tarr, Cheryl" uniqKey="Tarr C" first="Cheryl" last="Tarr">Cheryl Tarr</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Escherichia and Shigella Reference Unit, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Escherichia and Shigella Reference Unit, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rauzier, Jean" sort="Rauzier, Jean" uniqKey="Rauzier J" first="Jean" last="Rauzier">Jean Rauzier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fawal, Nizar" sort="Fawal, Nizar" uniqKey="Fawal N" first="Nizar" last="Fawal">Nizar Fawal</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keddy, Karen H" sort="Keddy, Karen H" uniqKey="Keddy K" first="Karen H" last="Keddy">Karen H. Keddy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg 2131</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salje, Henrik" sort="Salje, Henrik" uniqKey="Salje H" first="Henrik" last="Salje">Henrik Salje</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Sandra" sort="Moore, Sandra" uniqKey="Moore S" first="Sandra" last="Moore">Sandra Moore</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, 13385, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, 13385</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>13385</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de la Méditerranée</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mukhopadhyay, Asish K" sort="Mukhopadhyay, Asish K" uniqKey="Mukhopadhyay A" first="Asish K" last="Mukhopadhyay">Asish K. Mukhopadhyay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>West Bengal 700010</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bercion, Raymond" sort="Bercion, Raymond" uniqKey="Bercion R" first="Raymond" last="Bercion">Raymond Bercion</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangui</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luquero, Francisco J" sort="Luquero, Francisco J" uniqKey="Luquero F" first="Francisco J" last="Luquero">Francisco J. Luquero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, Paris, 75011, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Epicentre, Paris, 75011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngandjio, Antoinette" sort="Ngandjio, Antoinette" uniqKey="Ngandjio A" first="Antoinette" last="Ngandjio">Antoinette Ngandjio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dosso, Mireille" sort="Dosso, Mireille" uniqKey="Dosso M" first="Mireille" last="Dosso">Mireille Dosso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bacteriology and Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Côte d'Ivoire</country><wicri:regionArea>Bacteriology and Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abidjan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monakhova, Elena" sort="Monakhova, Elena" uniqKey="Monakhova E" first="Elena" last="Monakhova">Elena Monakhova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Rostov-on-Don Research Institute for Plague Control, Rostov-on-Don, 344022, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Rostov-on-Don Research Institute for Plague Control, Rostov-on-Don, 344022</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>344022</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garin, Benoit" sort="Garin, Benoit" uniqKey="Garin B" first="Benoit" last="Garin">Benoit Garin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouchier, Christiane" sort="Bouchier, Christiane" uniqKey="Bouchier C" first="Christiane" last="Bouchier">Christiane Bouchier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Génomique (PF1), Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Génomique (PF1), Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pazzani, Carlo" sort="Pazzani, Carlo" uniqKey="Pazzani C" first="Carlo" last="Pazzani">Carlo Pazzani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Bari "A. Moro", Department of Biology, Bari, 70126, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Bari "A. Moro", Department of Biology, Bari, 70126</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>70126</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mutreja, Ankur" sort="Mutreja, Ankur" uniqKey="Mutreja A" first="Ankur" last="Mutreja">Ankur Mutreja</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SP</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grunow, Roland" sort="Grunow, Roland" uniqKey="Grunow R" first="Roland" last="Grunow">Roland Grunow</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sidikou, Fati" sort="Sidikou, Fati" uniqKey="Sidikou F" first="Fati" last="Sidikou">Fati Sidikou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre de Recherche Medicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), BP 10887, Niamey, Niger.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Niger</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Medicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), BP 10887, Niamey</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niamey</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonte, Laurence" sort="Bonte, Laurence" uniqKey="Bonte L" first="Laurence" last="Bonte">Laurence Bonte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Paris, 75011, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Paris, 75011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Breurec, Sebastien" sort="Breurec, Sebastien" uniqKey="Breurec S" first="Sébastien" last="Breurec">Sébastien Breurec</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangui</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damian, Maria" sort="Damian, Maria" uniqKey="Damian M" first="Maria" last="Damian">Maria Damian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, Bucharest</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bucharest</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njanpop Lafourcade, Berthe Marie" sort="Njanpop Lafourcade, Berthe Marie" uniqKey="Njanpop Lafourcade B" first="Berthe-Marie" last="Njanpop-Lafourcade">Berthe-Marie Njanpop-Lafourcade</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Agence de Médecine Préventive (AMP), Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Agence de Médecine Préventive (AMP), Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sapriel, Guillaume" sort="Sapriel, Guillaume" uniqKey="Sapriel G" first="Guillaume" last="Sapriel">Guillaume Sapriel</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UFR des sciences de la santé Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, 78180, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UFR des sciences de la santé Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, 78180</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>78180</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Versailles</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Anne Laure" sort="Page, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Page A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Page">Anne-Laure Page</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, Paris, 75011, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Epicentre, Paris, 75011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamze, Monzer" sort="Hamze, Monzer" uniqKey="Hamze M" first="Monzer" last="Hamze">Monzer Hamze</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), EDST-FSP, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), EDST-FSP, Université Libanaise, Tripoli</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tripoli</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henkens, Myriam" sort="Henkens, Myriam" uniqKey="Henkens M" first="Myriam" last="Henkens">Myriam Henkens</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, B 1050, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, B 1050</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>B 1050</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhury, Goutam" sort="Chowdhury, Goutam" uniqKey="Chowdhury G" first="Goutam" last="Chowdhury">Goutam Chowdhury</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>West Bengal 700010</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mengel, Martin" sort="Mengel, Martin" uniqKey="Mengel M" first="Martin" last="Mengel">Martin Mengel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Agence de Médecine Préventive (AMP), Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Agence de Médecine Préventive (AMP), Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koeck, Jean Louis" sort="Koeck, Jean Louis" uniqKey="Koeck J" first="Jean-Louis" last="Koeck">Jean-Louis Koeck</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre Hospitalier des Armées Bouffard, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Republic of Djibouti</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fournier, Jean Michel" sort="Fournier, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Fournier J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Fournier">Jean-Michel Fournier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité du Choléra et des Vibrions, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité du Choléra et des Vibrions, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dougan, Gordon" sort="Dougan, Gordon" uniqKey="Dougan G" first="Gordon" last="Dougan">Gordon Dougan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grimont, Patrick A D" sort="Grimont, Patrick A D" uniqKey="Grimont P" first="Patrick A D" last="Grimont">Patrick A D. Grimont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parkhill, Julian" sort="Parkhill, Julian" uniqKey="Parkhill J" first="Julian" last="Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holt, Kathryn E" sort="Holt, Kathryn E" uniqKey="Holt K" first="Kathryn E" last="Holt">Kathryn E. Holt</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piarroux, Renaud" sort="Piarroux, Renaud" uniqKey="Piarroux R" first="Renaud" last="Piarroux">Renaud Piarroux</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, 13385, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, 13385</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>13385</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de la Méditerranée</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" sort="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" uniqKey="Ramamurthy T" first="Thandavarayan" last="Ramamurthy">Thandavarayan Ramamurthy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Haryana 121001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quilici, Marie Laure" sort="Quilici, Marie Laure" uniqKey="Quilici M" first="Marie-Laure" last="Quilici">Marie-Laure Quilici</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomson, Nicholas R" sort="Thomson, Nicholas R" uniqKey="Thomson N" first="Nicholas R" last="Thomson">Nicholas R. Thomson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Science (New York, N.Y.)</title><idno type="eISSN">1095-9203</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The seventh cholera pandemic has heavily affected Africa, although the origin and continental spread of the disease remain undefined. We used genomic data from 1070 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates, across 45 African countries and over a 49-year period, to show that past epidemics were attributable to a single expanded lineage. This lineage was introduced at least 11 times since 1970, into two main regions, West Africa and East/Southern Africa, causing epidemics that lasted up to 28 years. The last five introductions into Africa, all from Asia, involved multidrug-resistant sublineages that replaced antibiotic-susceptible sublineages after 2000. This phylogenetic framework describes the periodicity of lineage introduction and the stable routes of cholera spread, which should inform the rational design of control measures for cholera in Africa.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Cameroun</li><li>Côte d'Ivoire</li><li>France</li><li>Inde</li><li>Italie</li><li>Liban</li><li>Niger</li><li>Roumanie</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Russie</li><li>République centrafricaine</li><li>Sénégal</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Angleterre de l'Est</li><li>Berlin</li><li>Géorgie (États-Unis)</li><li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li><li>Victoria (État)</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Berlin</li><li>Cambridge</li><li>Marseille</li><li>Melbourne</li><li>Versailles</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Cambridge</li><li>Université de Melbourne</li><li>Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines</li><li>Université de la Méditerranée</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Koeck, Jean Louis" sort="Koeck, Jean Louis" uniqKey="Koeck J" first="Jean-Louis" last="Koeck">Jean-Louis Koeck</name></noCountry><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Weill, Francois Xavier" sort="Weill, Francois Xavier" uniqKey="Weill F" first="François-Xavier" last="Weill">François-Xavier Weill</name></region><name sortKey="Bonte, Laurence" sort="Bonte, Laurence" uniqKey="Bonte L" first="Laurence" last="Bonte">Laurence Bonte</name><name sortKey="Bouchier, Christiane" sort="Bouchier, Christiane" uniqKey="Bouchier C" first="Christiane" last="Bouchier">Christiane Bouchier</name><name sortKey="Fawal, Nizar" sort="Fawal, Nizar" uniqKey="Fawal N" first="Nizar" last="Fawal">Nizar Fawal</name><name sortKey="Fournier, Jean Michel" sort="Fournier, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Fournier J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Fournier">Jean-Michel Fournier</name><name sortKey="Grimont, Patrick A D" sort="Grimont, Patrick A D" uniqKey="Grimont P" first="Patrick A D" last="Grimont">Patrick A D. Grimont</name><name sortKey="Luquero, Francisco J" sort="Luquero, Francisco J" uniqKey="Luquero F" first="Francisco J" last="Luquero">Francisco J. Luquero</name><name sortKey="Mengel, Martin" sort="Mengel, Martin" uniqKey="Mengel M" first="Martin" last="Mengel">Martin Mengel</name><name sortKey="Moore, Sandra" sort="Moore, Sandra" uniqKey="Moore S" first="Sandra" last="Moore">Sandra Moore</name><name sortKey="Njamkepo, Elisabeth" sort="Njamkepo, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Njamkepo E" first="Elisabeth" last="Njamkepo">Elisabeth Njamkepo</name><name sortKey="Njanpop Lafourcade, Berthe Marie" sort="Njanpop Lafourcade, Berthe Marie" uniqKey="Njanpop Lafourcade B" first="Berthe-Marie" last="Njanpop-Lafourcade">Berthe-Marie Njanpop-Lafourcade</name><name sortKey="Page, Anne Laure" sort="Page, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Page A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Page">Anne-Laure Page</name><name sortKey="Piarroux, Renaud" sort="Piarroux, Renaud" uniqKey="Piarroux R" first="Renaud" last="Piarroux">Renaud Piarroux</name><name sortKey="Quilici, Marie Laure" sort="Quilici, Marie Laure" uniqKey="Quilici M" first="Marie-Laure" last="Quilici">Marie-Laure Quilici</name><name sortKey="Rauzier, Jean" sort="Rauzier, Jean" uniqKey="Rauzier J" first="Jean" last="Rauzier">Jean Rauzier</name><name sortKey="Salje, Henrik" sort="Salje, Henrik" uniqKey="Salje H" first="Henrik" last="Salje">Henrik Salje</name><name sortKey="Sapriel, Guillaume" sort="Sapriel, Guillaume" uniqKey="Sapriel G" first="Guillaume" last="Sapriel">Guillaume Sapriel</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Domman, Daryl" sort="Domman, Daryl" uniqKey="Domman D" first="Daryl" last="Domman">Daryl Domman</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Dougan, Gordon" sort="Dougan, Gordon" uniqKey="Dougan G" first="Gordon" last="Dougan">Gordon Dougan</name><name sortKey="Mutreja, Ankur" sort="Mutreja, Ankur" uniqKey="Mutreja A" first="Ankur" last="Mutreja">Ankur Mutreja</name><name sortKey="Parkhill, Julian" sort="Parkhill, Julian" uniqKey="Parkhill J" first="Julian" last="Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</name><name sortKey="Thomson, Nicholas R" sort="Thomson, Nicholas R" uniqKey="Thomson N" first="Nicholas R" last="Thomson">Nicholas R. Thomson</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Géorgie (États-Unis)"><name sortKey="Tarr, Cheryl" sort="Tarr, Cheryl" uniqKey="Tarr C" first="Cheryl" last="Tarr">Cheryl Tarr</name></region></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Keddy, Karen H" sort="Keddy, Karen H" uniqKey="Keddy K" first="Karen H" last="Keddy">Karen H. Keddy</name></noRegion></country><country name="Inde"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mukhopadhyay, Asish K" sort="Mukhopadhyay, Asish K" uniqKey="Mukhopadhyay A" first="Asish K" last="Mukhopadhyay">Asish K. Mukhopadhyay</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Chowdhury, Goutam" sort="Chowdhury, Goutam" uniqKey="Chowdhury G" first="Goutam" last="Chowdhury">Goutam Chowdhury</name><name sortKey="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" sort="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" uniqKey="Ramamurthy T" first="Thandavarayan" last="Ramamurthy">Thandavarayan Ramamurthy</name></country><country name="République centrafricaine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bercion, Raymond" sort="Bercion, Raymond" uniqKey="Bercion R" first="Raymond" last="Bercion">Raymond Bercion</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Breurec, Sebastien" sort="Breurec, Sebastien" uniqKey="Breurec S" first="Sébastien" last="Breurec">Sébastien Breurec</name></country><country name="Cameroun"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ngandjio, Antoinette" sort="Ngandjio, Antoinette" uniqKey="Ngandjio A" first="Antoinette" last="Ngandjio">Antoinette Ngandjio</name></noRegion></country><country name="Côte d'Ivoire"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dosso, Mireille" sort="Dosso, Mireille" uniqKey="Dosso M" first="Mireille" last="Dosso">Mireille Dosso</name></noRegion></country><country name="Russie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Monakhova, Elena" sort="Monakhova, Elena" uniqKey="Monakhova E" first="Elena" last="Monakhova">Elena Monakhova</name></noRegion></country><country name="Sénégal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Garin, Benoit" sort="Garin, Benoit" uniqKey="Garin B" first="Benoit" last="Garin">Benoit Garin</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pazzani, Carlo" sort="Pazzani, Carlo" uniqKey="Pazzani C" first="Carlo" last="Pazzani">Carlo Pazzani</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Berlin"><name sortKey="Grunow, Roland" sort="Grunow, Roland" uniqKey="Grunow R" first="Roland" last="Grunow">Roland Grunow</name></region></country><country name="Niger"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sidikou, Fati" sort="Sidikou, Fati" uniqKey="Sidikou F" first="Fati" last="Sidikou">Fati Sidikou</name></noRegion></country><country name="Roumanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Damian, Maria" sort="Damian, Maria" uniqKey="Damian M" first="Maria" last="Damian">Maria Damian</name></noRegion></country><country name="Liban"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hamze, Monzer" sort="Hamze, Monzer" uniqKey="Hamze M" first="Monzer" last="Hamze">Monzer Hamze</name></noRegion></country><country name="Belgique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Henkens, Myriam" sort="Henkens, Myriam" uniqKey="Henkens M" first="Myriam" last="Henkens">Myriam Henkens</name></noRegion></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Victoria (État)"><name sortKey="Holt, Kathryn E" sort="Holt, Kathryn E" uniqKey="Holt K" first="Kathryn E" last="Holt">Kathryn E. Holt</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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